▶ 調査レポート

チロシナーゼのグローバル市場調査 2019年

• 英文タイトル:Global Tyrosinase Market Professional Survey Report 2019

QYResearchが調査・発行した産業分析レポートです。チロシナーゼのグローバル市場調査 2019年 / Global Tyrosinase Market Professional Survey Report 2019 / QYR9NV13792資料のイメージです。• レポートコード:QYR9NV13792
• 出版社/出版日:QYResearch / 2019年11月16日
※2024年版があります。お問い合わせください。

• レポート形態:英文、PDF、104ページ
• 納品方法:Eメール(受注後2-3営業日)
• 産業分類:医薬品・ヘルスケア
• 販売価格(消費税別)
  Single User¥518,000 (USD3,500)▷ お問い合わせ
  Enterprise License¥1,036,000 (USD7,000)▷ お問い合わせ
• ご注文方法:お問い合わせフォーム記入又はEメールでご連絡ください。
• お支払方法:銀行振込(納品後、ご請求書送付)
レポート概要
※本調査レポートは、チロシナーゼの世界市場概要、製造コスト分析、開発・製造工場分析、主要メーカー分析、地域別分析情報、市場規模予測データ、マーケティングチャネル、流通業者リスト、顧客リストなどが含まれています。種類別には、ポリフェノールオキシダーゼ、フェノールオキシダーゼ、その他に、用途別には、病院、クリニック、その他にセグメント区分し、チロシナーゼの世界市場を分析しました。


・エグゼクティブ・サマリー
・チロシナーゼの世界市場概要
・チロシナーゼの製造コスト構成分析
・チロシナーゼの開発・製造工場分析
・主要メーカーの主な指標(生産能力、売上、価格分析)
・チロシナーゼの地域別分析(生産、売上、主要メーカー、輸出・輸入)
(北米、ヨーロッパ、中国、日本国内、東南アジア、インド)
・チロシナーゼのセグメント分析(種類別)
(ポリフェノールオキシダーゼ、フェノールオキシダーゼ、その他)
・チロシナーゼのセグメント分析(用途別)
(病院、クリニック、その他)
・チロシナーゼの主要メーカー別分析(生産拠点、製品概要、生産・売上実績)
(SkinCeuticals、NeoStrata、Obagi、Medik8、DermaMedics、IS CLINICAL、NIA24、Asap skin products、GloProfessional、KLAPP Cosmetics、)
・チロシナーゼの市場規模予測(2019年~2025年)
(北米、ヨーロッパ、中国、日本国内、東南アジア、インド)
・マーケティングチャネル・流通業者・顧客
・市場ダイナミクス(市場動向、機会、成長要因、課題、影響因子)
...

The global Tyrosinase market was valued at million US$ in 2018 and will reach million US$ by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of during 2019-2025.
This report focuses on Tyrosinase volume and value at global level, regional level and company level. From a global perspective, this report represents overall Tyrosinase market size by analyzing historical data and future prospect.
Regionally, this report categorizes the production, apparent consumption, export and import of Tyrosinase in North America, Europe, China, Japan, Southeast Asia and India.
For each manufacturer covered, this report analyzes their Tyrosinase manufacturing sites, capacity, production, ex-factory price, revenue and market share in global market.

The following manufacturers are covered:
SkinCeuticals
NeoStrata
Obagi
Medik8
DermaMedics
IS CLINICAL
NIA24
Asap skin products
GloProfessional
KLAPP Cosmetics

Segment by Regions
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Southeast Asia
India

Segment by Type
Polyphenol Oxidase
Phenol Oxidase
Others

Segment by Application
Hospital
Clinic
Others

レポート目次

Table of Contents

Executive Summary
1 Industry Overview of Tyrosinase
1.1 Definition of Tyrosinase
1.2 Tyrosinase Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Tyrosinase Production Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
1.2.2 Polyphenol Oxidase
1.2.3 Phenol Oxidase
1.2.4 Others
1.3 Tyrosinase Segment by Applications
1.3.1 Global Tyrosinase Consumption Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
1.3.2 Hospital
1.3.3 Clinic
1.3.4 Others
1.4 Global Tyrosinase Overall Market
1.4.1 Global Tyrosinase Revenue (2014-2025)
1.4.2 Global Tyrosinase Production (2014-2025)
1.4.3 North America Tyrosinase Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.4 Europe Tyrosinase Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.5 China Tyrosinase Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.6 Japan Tyrosinase Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.7 Southeast Asia Tyrosinase Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.8 India Tyrosinase Status and Prospect (2014-2025)

2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
2.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Tyrosinase
2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Tyrosinase
2.4 Industry Chain Structure of Tyrosinase

3 Development and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Tyrosinase
3.1 Capacity and Commercial Production Date
3.2 Global Tyrosinase Manufacturing Plants Distribution
3.3 Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position of Tyrosinase
3.4 Recent Development and Expansion Plans

4 Key Figures of Major Manufacturers
4.1 Tyrosinase Production and Capacity Analysis
4.2 Tyrosinase Revenue Analysis
4.3 Tyrosinase Price Analysis
4.4 Market Concentration Degree

5 Tyrosinase Regional Market Analysis
5.1 Tyrosinase Production by Regions
5.1.1 Global Tyrosinase Production by Regions
5.1.2 Global Tyrosinase Revenue by Regions
5.2 Tyrosinase Consumption by Regions
5.3 North America Tyrosinase Market Analysis
5.3.1 North America Tyrosinase Production
5.3.2 North America Tyrosinase Revenue
5.3.3 Key Manufacturers in North America
5.3.4 North America Tyrosinase Import and Export
5.4 Europe Tyrosinase Market Analysis
5.4.1 Europe Tyrosinase Production
5.4.2 Europe Tyrosinase Revenue
5.4.3 Key Manufacturers in Europe
5.4.4 Europe Tyrosinase Import and Export
5.5 China Tyrosinase Market Analysis
5.5.1 China Tyrosinase Production
5.5.2 China Tyrosinase Revenue
5.5.3 Key Manufacturers in China
5.5.4 China Tyrosinase Import and Export
5.6 Japan Tyrosinase Market Analysis
5.6.1 Japan Tyrosinase Production
5.6.2 Japan Tyrosinase Revenue
5.6.3 Key Manufacturers in Japan
5.6.4 Japan Tyrosinase Import and Export
5.7 Southeast Asia Tyrosinase Market Analysis
5.7.1 Southeast Asia Tyrosinase Production
5.7.2 Southeast Asia Tyrosinase Revenue
5.7.3 Key Manufacturers in Southeast Asia
5.7.4 Southeast Asia Tyrosinase Import and Export
5.8 India Tyrosinase Market Analysis
5.8.1 India Tyrosinase Production
5.8.2 India Tyrosinase Revenue
5.8.3 Key Manufacturers in India
5.8.4 India Tyrosinase Import and Export

6 Tyrosinase Segment Market Analysis (by Type)
6.1 Global Tyrosinase Production by Type
6.2 Global Tyrosinase Revenue by Type
6.3 Tyrosinase Price by Type

7 Tyrosinase Segment Market Analysis (by Application)
7.1 Global Tyrosinase Consumption by Application
7.2 Global Tyrosinase Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)

8 Tyrosinase Major Manufacturers Analysis
8.1 SkinCeuticals
8.1.1 SkinCeuticals Tyrosinase Production Sites and Area Served
8.1.2 SkinCeuticals Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.1.3 SkinCeuticals Tyrosinase Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.1.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.2 NeoStrata
8.2.1 NeoStrata Tyrosinase Production Sites and Area Served
8.2.2 NeoStrata Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.2.3 NeoStrata Tyrosinase Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.2.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.3 Obagi
8.3.1 Obagi Tyrosinase Production Sites and Area Served
8.3.2 Obagi Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.3.3 Obagi Tyrosinase Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.3.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.4 Medik8
8.4.1 Medik8 Tyrosinase Production Sites and Area Served
8.4.2 Medik8 Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.4.3 Medik8 Tyrosinase Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.5 DermaMedics
8.5.1 DermaMedics Tyrosinase Production Sites and Area Served
8.5.2 DermaMedics Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.5.3 DermaMedics Tyrosinase Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.5.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.6 IS CLINICAL
8.6.1 IS CLINICAL Tyrosinase Production Sites and Area Served
8.6.2 IS CLINICAL Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.6.3 IS CLINICAL Tyrosinase Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.6.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.7 NIA24
8.7.1 NIA24 Tyrosinase Production Sites and Area Served
8.7.2 NIA24 Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.7.3 NIA24 Tyrosinase Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.7.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.8 Asap skin products
8.8.1 Asap skin products Tyrosinase Production Sites and Area Served
8.8.2 Asap skin products Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.8.3 Asap skin products Tyrosinase Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.8.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.9 GloProfessional
8.9.1 GloProfessional Tyrosinase Production Sites and Area Served
8.9.2 GloProfessional Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.9.3 GloProfessional Tyrosinase Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.9.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.10 KLAPP Cosmetics
8.10.1 KLAPP Cosmetics Tyrosinase Production Sites and Area Served
8.10.2 KLAPP Cosmetics Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.10.3 KLAPP Cosmetics Tyrosinase Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.10.4 Main Business and Markets Served

9 Development Trend of Analysis of Tyrosinase Market
9.1 Global Tyrosinase Market Trend Analysis
9.1.1 Global Tyrosinase Market Size (Volume and Value) Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Tyrosinase Regional Market Trend
9.2.1 North America Tyrosinase Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.2 Europe Tyrosinase Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.3 China Tyrosinase Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.4 Japan Tyrosinase Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.5 Southeast Asia Tyrosinase Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.6 India Tyrosinase Forecast 2019-2025
9.3 Tyrosinase Market Trend (Product Type)
9.4 Tyrosinase Market Trend (Application)

10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.3 Tyrosinase Customers

11 Market Dynamics
11.1 Market Trends
11.2 Opportunities
11.3 Market Drivers
11.4 Challenges
11.5 Influence Factors

12 Conclusion
13 Appendix
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Author List
13.4 Disclaimer

List of Tables and Figures
Figure Picture of Tyrosinase
Table Global Tyrosinase Production (K Pcs) Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
Figure Global Tyrosinase Production Market Share by Types in 2018
Figure Polyphenol Oxidase Product Picture
Figure Phenol Oxidase Product Picture
Figure Others Product Picture
Table Global Tyrosinase Consumption (K Pcs) Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
Figure Global Tyrosinase Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2018
Figure Hospital
Figure Clinic
Figure Others
Figure Global Tyrosinase Revenue (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Global Tyrosinase Production (K Pcs) (2014-2025)
Figure North America Tyrosinase Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Europe Tyrosinase Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure China Tyrosinase Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Japan Tyrosinase Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Southeast Asia Tyrosinase Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure India Tyrosinase Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Table Tyrosinase Raw Material and Suppliers
Table Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Tyrosinase in 2018
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Tyrosinase
Figure Industry Chain Structure of Tyrosinase
Table Capacity and Commercial Production Date of Key Manufacturers
Table Global Tyrosinase Manufacturing Plants Distribution
Table Tyrosinase Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position
Table Recent Development and Expansion Plans in Future
Table Tyrosinase Capacity (K Pcs) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Tyrosinase Production (K Pcs) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Tyrosinase Production Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Tyrosinase Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Tyrosinase Revenue (Million US$) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Tyrosinase Revenue Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Tyrosinase Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Tyrosinase Average Price (USD/Pcs) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Global Tyrosinase Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K Pcs)
Table Global Tyrosinase Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Tyrosinase Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Tyrosinase Revenue by Regions 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Tyrosinase Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Tyrosinase Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Tyrosinase Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K Pcs)
Table Global Tyrosinase Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure North America Tyrosinase Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Pcs)
Figure North America Tyrosinase Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table North America Tyrosinase Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Pcs)
Figure Europe Tyrosinase Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Pcs)
Figure Europe Tyrosinase Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Europe Tyrosinase Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Pcs)
Figure China Tyrosinase Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Pcs)
Figure China Tyrosinase Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table China Tyrosinase Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Pcs)
Figure Japan Tyrosinase Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Pcs)
Figure Japan Tyrosinase Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Japan Tyrosinase Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Pcs)
Figure Southeast Asia Tyrosinase Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Pcs)
Figure Southeast Asia Tyrosinase Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Southeast Asia Tyrosinase Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Pcs)
Figure India Tyrosinase Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Pcs)
Figure India Tyrosinase Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table India Tyrosinase Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Pcs)
Figure Global Consumption Tyrosinase Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Value (Consumption) Tyrosinase Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table SkinCeuticals Tyrosinase Production Sites and Area Served
Table SkinCeuticals Tyrosinase Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table SkinCeuticals Tyrosinase Production (K Pcs), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Pcs) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table SkinCeuticals Tyrosinase Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table SkinCeuticals Tyrosinase Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure SkinCeuticals Tyrosinase Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table SkinCeuticals Tyrosinase Main Business and Markets Served
Table NeoStrata Tyrosinase Production Sites and Area Served
Table NeoStrata Tyrosinase Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table NeoStrata Tyrosinase Production (K Pcs), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Pcs) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table NeoStrata Tyrosinase Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table NeoStrata Tyrosinase Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure NeoStrata Tyrosinase Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table NeoStrata Tyrosinase Main Business and Markets Served
Table Obagi Tyrosinase Production Sites and Area Served
Table Obagi Tyrosinase Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Obagi Tyrosinase Production (K Pcs), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Pcs) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Obagi Tyrosinase Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Obagi Tyrosinase Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Obagi Tyrosinase Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Obagi Tyrosinase Main Business and Markets Served
Table Medik8 Tyrosinase Production Sites and Area Served
Table Medik8 Tyrosinase Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Medik8 Tyrosinase Production (K Pcs), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Pcs) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Medik8 Tyrosinase Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Medik8 Tyrosinase Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Medik8 Tyrosinase Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Medik8 Tyrosinase Main Business and Markets Served
Table DermaMedics Tyrosinase Production Sites and Area Served
Table DermaMedics Tyrosinase Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table DermaMedics Tyrosinase Production (K Pcs), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Pcs) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table DermaMedics Tyrosinase Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table DermaMedics Tyrosinase Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure DermaMedics Tyrosinase Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table DermaMedics Tyrosinase Main Business and Markets Served
Table IS CLINICAL Tyrosinase Production Sites and Area Served
Table IS CLINICAL Tyrosinase Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table IS CLINICAL Tyrosinase Production (K Pcs), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Pcs) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table IS CLINICAL Tyrosinase Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table IS CLINICAL Tyrosinase Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure IS CLINICAL Tyrosinase Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table IS CLINICAL Tyrosinase Main Business and Markets Served
Table NIA24 Tyrosinase Production Sites and Area Served
Table NIA24 Tyrosinase Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table NIA24 Tyrosinase Production (K Pcs), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Pcs) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table NIA24 Tyrosinase Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table NIA24 Tyrosinase Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure NIA24 Tyrosinase Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table NIA24 Tyrosinase Main Business and Markets Served
Table Asap skin products Tyrosinase Production Sites and Area Served
Table Asap skin products Tyrosinase Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Asap skin products Tyrosinase Production (K Pcs), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Pcs) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Asap skin products Tyrosinase Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Asap skin products Tyrosinase Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Asap skin products Tyrosinase Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Asap skin products Tyrosinase Main Business and Markets Served
Table GloProfessional Tyrosinase Production Sites and Area Served
Table GloProfessional Tyrosinase Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table GloProfessional Tyrosinase Production (K Pcs), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Pcs) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table GloProfessional Tyrosinase Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table GloProfessional Tyrosinase Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure GloProfessional Tyrosinase Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table GloProfessional Tyrosinase Main Business and Markets Served
Table KLAPP Cosmetics Tyrosinase Production Sites and Area Served
Table KLAPP Cosmetics Tyrosinase Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table KLAPP Cosmetics Tyrosinase Production (K Pcs), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Pcs) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table KLAPP Cosmetics Tyrosinase Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table KLAPP Cosmetics Tyrosinase Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure KLAPP Cosmetics Tyrosinase Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table KLAPP Cosmetics Tyrosinase Main Business and Markets Served
Figure Global Tyrosinase Production (K Pcs) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025
Figure Global Tyrosinase Revenue (Million USD) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025
Figure Global Tyrosinase Sales Price (USD/Pcs) Forecast 2019-2025
Figure North America Tyrosinase Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Pcs)
Figure North America Tyrosinase Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Europe Tyrosinase Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Pcs)
Figure Europe Tyrosinase Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure China Tyrosinase Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Pcs)
Figure China Tyrosinase Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Japan Tyrosinase Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Pcs)
Figure Japan Tyrosinase Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Tyrosinase Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Pcs)
Figure Southeast Asia Tyrosinase Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure India Tyrosinase Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Pcs)
Figure India Tyrosinase Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Table Global Production (K Pcs) of Tyrosinase by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global Consumption (K Pcs) of Tyrosinase by Application (2019-2025)
Table Tyrosinase Distributors List
Table Tyrosinase Customers List
Table Market Key Trends
Table Key Opportunities
Table Market Key Drivers
Table Key Challenges
Table Key Influence Factors
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources