▶ 調査レポート

強力接着剤のグローバル市場調査 2019年

• 英文タイトル:Global Super Glue Market Professional Survey Report 2019

QYResearchが調査・発行した産業分析レポートです。強力接着剤のグローバル市場調査 2019年 / Global Super Glue Market Professional Survey Report 2019 / QYR9NV12904資料のイメージです。• レポートコード:QYR9NV12904
• 出版社/出版日:QYResearch / 2019年11月16日
※2024年版があります。お問い合わせください。

• レポート形態:英文、PDF、110ページ
• 納品方法:Eメール(受注後2-3営業日)
• 産業分類:材料・化学
• 販売価格(消費税別)
  Single User¥518,000 (USD3,500)▷ お問い合わせ
  Enterprise License¥1,036,000 (USD7,000)▷ お問い合わせ
• ご注文方法:お問い合わせフォーム記入又はEメールでご連絡ください。
• お支払方法:銀行振込(納品後、ご請求書送付)
レポート概要
※本調査レポートは、強力接着剤の世界市場概要、製造コスト分析、開発・製造工場分析、主要メーカー分析、地域別分析情報、市場規模予測データ、マーケティングチャネル、流通業者リスト、顧客リストなどが含まれています。種類別には、ポリウレタン、アクリル酸、エポキシ接着剤、その他に、用途別には、医療、自動車、化学、その他にセグメント区分し、強力接着剤の世界市場を分析しました。


・エグゼクティブ・サマリー
・強力接着剤の世界市場概要
・強力接着剤の製造コスト構成分析
・強力接着剤の開発・製造工場分析
・主要メーカーの主な指標(生産能力、売上、価格分析)
・強力接着剤の地域別分析(生産、売上、主要メーカー、輸出・輸入)
(北米、ヨーロッパ、中国、日本国内、東南アジア、インド)
・強力接着剤のセグメント分析(種類別)
(ポリウレタン、アクリル酸、エポキシ接着剤、その他)
・強力接着剤のセグメント分析(用途別)
(医療、自動車、化学、その他)
・強力接着剤の主要メーカー別分析(生産拠点、製品概要、生産・売上実績)
(BISON INTERNATIONAL、Henkel(Pattex)、Krazy Glue、Permatex、Super Glue Corp、CPH International(Starbond)、SIKA、Mapei S.p.A.、Bob Smith Industries、K & R INTERNATIONAL、Elmer's Products, Inc.、Franklin International、Gorilla Glue, Inc.、GELIAHAO、3M、)
・強力接着剤の市場規模予測(2019年~2025年)
(北米、ヨーロッパ、中国、日本国内、東南アジア、インド)
・マーケティングチャネル・流通業者・顧客
・市場ダイナミクス(市場動向、機会、成長要因、課題、影響因子)
...

The global Super Glue market was valued at million US$ in 2018 and will reach million US$ by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of during 2019-2025.
This report focuses on Super Glue volume and value at global level, regional level and company level. From a global perspective, this report represents overall Super Glue market size by analyzing historical data and future prospect.
Regionally, this report categorizes the production, apparent consumption, export and import of Super Glue in North America, Europe, China, Japan, Southeast Asia and India.
For each manufacturer covered, this report analyzes their Super Glue manufacturing sites, capacity, production, ex-factory price, revenue and market share in global market.

The following manufacturers are covered:
BISON INTERNATIONAL
Henkel(Pattex)
Krazy Glue
Permatex
Super Glue Corp
CPH International(Starbond)
SIKA
Mapei S.p.A.
Bob Smith Industries
K & R INTERNATIONAL
Elmer’s Products, Inc.
Franklin International
Gorilla Glue, Inc.
GELIAHAO
3M

Segment by Regions
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Southeast Asia
India

Segment by Type
Polyurethane
Acrylic Acid
Epoxy Glue
Others

Segment by Application
Medical
Automotive
Chemical
Others

レポート目次

Table of Contents

Executive Summary
1 Industry Overview of Super Glue
1.1 Definition of Super Glue
1.2 Super Glue Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Super Glue Production Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
1.2.2 Polyurethane
1.2.3 Acrylic Acid
1.2.4 Epoxy Glue
1.2.5 Others
1.3 Super Glue Segment by Applications
1.3.1 Global Super Glue Consumption Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
1.3.2 Medical
1.3.3 Automotive
1.3.4 Chemical
1.3.5 Others
1.4 Global Super Glue Overall Market
1.4.1 Global Super Glue Revenue (2014-2025)
1.4.2 Global Super Glue Production (2014-2025)
1.4.3 North America Super Glue Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.4 Europe Super Glue Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.5 China Super Glue Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.6 Japan Super Glue Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.7 Southeast Asia Super Glue Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.8 India Super Glue Status and Prospect (2014-2025)

2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
2.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Super Glue
2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Super Glue
2.4 Industry Chain Structure of Super Glue

3 Development and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Super Glue
3.1 Capacity and Commercial Production Date
3.2 Global Super Glue Manufacturing Plants Distribution
3.3 Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position of Super Glue
3.4 Recent Development and Expansion Plans

4 Key Figures of Major Manufacturers
4.1 Super Glue Production and Capacity Analysis
4.2 Super Glue Revenue Analysis
4.3 Super Glue Price Analysis
4.4 Market Concentration Degree

5 Super Glue Regional Market Analysis
5.1 Super Glue Production by Regions
5.1.1 Global Super Glue Production by Regions
5.1.2 Global Super Glue Revenue by Regions
5.2 Super Glue Consumption by Regions
5.3 North America Super Glue Market Analysis
5.3.1 North America Super Glue Production
5.3.2 North America Super Glue Revenue
5.3.3 Key Manufacturers in North America
5.3.4 North America Super Glue Import and Export
5.4 Europe Super Glue Market Analysis
5.4.1 Europe Super Glue Production
5.4.2 Europe Super Glue Revenue
5.4.3 Key Manufacturers in Europe
5.4.4 Europe Super Glue Import and Export
5.5 China Super Glue Market Analysis
5.5.1 China Super Glue Production
5.5.2 China Super Glue Revenue
5.5.3 Key Manufacturers in China
5.5.4 China Super Glue Import and Export
5.6 Japan Super Glue Market Analysis
5.6.1 Japan Super Glue Production
5.6.2 Japan Super Glue Revenue
5.6.3 Key Manufacturers in Japan
5.6.4 Japan Super Glue Import and Export
5.7 Southeast Asia Super Glue Market Analysis
5.7.1 Southeast Asia Super Glue Production
5.7.2 Southeast Asia Super Glue Revenue
5.7.3 Key Manufacturers in Southeast Asia
5.7.4 Southeast Asia Super Glue Import and Export
5.8 India Super Glue Market Analysis
5.8.1 India Super Glue Production
5.8.2 India Super Glue Revenue
5.8.3 Key Manufacturers in India
5.8.4 India Super Glue Import and Export

6 Super Glue Segment Market Analysis (by Type)
6.1 Global Super Glue Production by Type
6.2 Global Super Glue Revenue by Type
6.3 Super Glue Price by Type

7 Super Glue Segment Market Analysis (by Application)
7.1 Global Super Glue Consumption by Application
7.2 Global Super Glue Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)

8 Super Glue Major Manufacturers Analysis
8.1 BISON INTERNATIONAL
8.1.1 BISON INTERNATIONAL Super Glue Production Sites and Area Served
8.1.2 BISON INTERNATIONAL Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.1.3 BISON INTERNATIONAL Super Glue Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.1.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.2 Henkel(Pattex)
8.2.1 Henkel(Pattex) Super Glue Production Sites and Area Served
8.2.2 Henkel(Pattex) Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.2.3 Henkel(Pattex) Super Glue Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.2.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.3 Krazy Glue
8.3.1 Krazy Glue Super Glue Production Sites and Area Served
8.3.2 Krazy Glue Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.3.3 Krazy Glue Super Glue Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.3.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.4 Permatex
8.4.1 Permatex Super Glue Production Sites and Area Served
8.4.2 Permatex Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.4.3 Permatex Super Glue Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.5 Super Glue Corp
8.5.1 Super Glue Corp Super Glue Production Sites and Area Served
8.5.2 Super Glue Corp Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.5.3 Super Glue Corp Super Glue Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.5.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.6 CPH International(Starbond)
8.6.1 CPH International(Starbond) Super Glue Production Sites and Area Served
8.6.2 CPH International(Starbond) Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.6.3 CPH International(Starbond) Super Glue Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.6.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.7 SIKA
8.7.1 SIKA Super Glue Production Sites and Area Served
8.7.2 SIKA Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.7.3 SIKA Super Glue Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.7.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.8 Mapei S.p.A.
8.8.1 Mapei S.p.A. Super Glue Production Sites and Area Served
8.8.2 Mapei S.p.A. Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.8.3 Mapei S.p.A. Super Glue Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.8.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.9 Bob Smith Industries
8.9.1 Bob Smith Industries Super Glue Production Sites and Area Served
8.9.2 Bob Smith Industries Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.9.3 Bob Smith Industries Super Glue Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.9.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.10 K & R INTERNATIONAL
8.10.1 K & R INTERNATIONAL Super Glue Production Sites and Area Served
8.10.2 K & R INTERNATIONAL Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.10.3 K & R INTERNATIONAL Super Glue Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.10.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.11 Elmer’s Products, Inc.
8.12 Franklin International
8.13 Gorilla Glue, Inc.
8.14 GELIAHAO
8.15 3M

9 Development Trend of Analysis of Super Glue Market
9.1 Global Super Glue Market Trend Analysis
9.1.1 Global Super Glue Market Size (Volume and Value) Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Super Glue Regional Market Trend
9.2.1 North America Super Glue Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.2 Europe Super Glue Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.3 China Super Glue Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.4 Japan Super Glue Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.5 Southeast Asia Super Glue Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.6 India Super Glue Forecast 2019-2025
9.3 Super Glue Market Trend (Product Type)
9.4 Super Glue Market Trend (Application)

10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.3 Super Glue Customers

11 Market Dynamics
11.1 Market Trends
11.2 Opportunities
11.3 Market Drivers
11.4 Challenges
11.5 Influence Factors

12 Conclusion
13 Appendix
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Author List
13.4 Disclaimer

List of Tables and Figures
Figure Picture of Super Glue
Table Global Super Glue Production (K MT) Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
Figure Global Super Glue Production Market Share by Types in 2018
Figure Polyurethane Product Picture
Figure Acrylic Acid Product Picture
Figure Epoxy Glue Product Picture
Figure Others Product Picture
Table Global Super Glue Consumption (K MT) Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
Figure Global Super Glue Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2018
Figure Medical
Figure Automotive
Figure Chemical
Figure Others
Figure Global Super Glue Revenue (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Global Super Glue Production (K MT) (2014-2025)
Figure North America Super Glue Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Europe Super Glue Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure China Super Glue Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Japan Super Glue Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Southeast Asia Super Glue Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure India Super Glue Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Table Super Glue Raw Material and Suppliers
Table Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Super Glue in 2018
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Super Glue
Figure Industry Chain Structure of Super Glue
Table Capacity and Commercial Production Date of Key Manufacturers
Table Global Super Glue Manufacturing Plants Distribution
Table Super Glue Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position
Table Recent Development and Expansion Plans in Future
Table Super Glue Capacity (K MT) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Super Glue Production (K MT) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Super Glue Production Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Super Glue Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Super Glue Revenue (Million US$) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Super Glue Revenue Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Super Glue Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Super Glue Average Price (USD/MT) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Global Super Glue Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K MT)
Table Global Super Glue Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Super Glue Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Super Glue Revenue by Regions 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Super Glue Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Super Glue Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Super Glue Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K MT)
Table Global Super Glue Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure North America Super Glue Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure North America Super Glue Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table North America Super Glue Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure Europe Super Glue Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Europe Super Glue Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Europe Super Glue Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure China Super Glue Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure China Super Glue Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table China Super Glue Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure Japan Super Glue Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Japan Super Glue Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Japan Super Glue Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Super Glue Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Super Glue Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Southeast Asia Super Glue Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure India Super Glue Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure India Super Glue Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table India Super Glue Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure Global Consumption Super Glue Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Value (Consumption) Super Glue Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table BISON INTERNATIONAL Super Glue Production Sites and Area Served
Table BISON INTERNATIONAL Super Glue Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table BISON INTERNATIONAL Super Glue Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table BISON INTERNATIONAL Super Glue Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table BISON INTERNATIONAL Super Glue Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure BISON INTERNATIONAL Super Glue Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table BISON INTERNATIONAL Super Glue Main Business and Markets Served
Table Henkel(Pattex) Super Glue Production Sites and Area Served
Table Henkel(Pattex) Super Glue Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Henkel(Pattex) Super Glue Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Henkel(Pattex) Super Glue Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Henkel(Pattex) Super Glue Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Henkel(Pattex) Super Glue Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Henkel(Pattex) Super Glue Main Business and Markets Served
Table Krazy Glue Super Glue Production Sites and Area Served
Table Krazy Glue Super Glue Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Krazy Glue Super Glue Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Krazy Glue Super Glue Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Krazy Glue Super Glue Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Krazy Glue Super Glue Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Krazy Glue Super Glue Main Business and Markets Served
Table Permatex Super Glue Production Sites and Area Served
Table Permatex Super Glue Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Permatex Super Glue Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Permatex Super Glue Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Permatex Super Glue Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Permatex Super Glue Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Permatex Super Glue Main Business and Markets Served
Table Super Glue Corp Super Glue Production Sites and Area Served
Table Super Glue Corp Super Glue Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Super Glue Corp Super Glue Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Super Glue Corp Super Glue Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Super Glue Corp Super Glue Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Super Glue Corp Super Glue Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Super Glue Corp Super Glue Main Business and Markets Served
Table CPH International(Starbond) Super Glue Production Sites and Area Served
Table CPH International(Starbond) Super Glue Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table CPH International(Starbond) Super Glue Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table CPH International(Starbond) Super Glue Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table CPH International(Starbond) Super Glue Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure CPH International(Starbond) Super Glue Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table CPH International(Starbond) Super Glue Main Business and Markets Served
Table SIKA Super Glue Production Sites and Area Served
Table SIKA Super Glue Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table SIKA Super Glue Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table SIKA Super Glue Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table SIKA Super Glue Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure SIKA Super Glue Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table SIKA Super Glue Main Business and Markets Served
Table Mapei S.p.A. Super Glue Production Sites and Area Served
Table Mapei S.p.A. Super Glue Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Mapei S.p.A. Super Glue Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Mapei S.p.A. Super Glue Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Mapei S.p.A. Super Glue Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Mapei S.p.A. Super Glue Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Mapei S.p.A. Super Glue Main Business and Markets Served
Table Bob Smith Industries Super Glue Production Sites and Area Served
Table Bob Smith Industries Super Glue Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Bob Smith Industries Super Glue Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Bob Smith Industries Super Glue Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Bob Smith Industries Super Glue Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Bob Smith Industries Super Glue Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Bob Smith Industries Super Glue Main Business and Markets Served
Table K & R INTERNATIONAL Super Glue Production Sites and Area Served
Table K & R INTERNATIONAL Super Glue Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table K & R INTERNATIONAL Super Glue Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table K & R INTERNATIONAL Super Glue Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table K & R INTERNATIONAL Super Glue Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure K & R INTERNATIONAL Super Glue Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table K & R INTERNATIONAL Super Glue Main Business and Markets Served
Table Elmer's Products, Inc. Super Glue Production Sites and Area Served
Table Franklin International Super Glue Production Sites and Area Served
Table Gorilla Glue, Inc. Super Glue Production Sites and Area Served
Table GELIAHAO Super Glue Production Sites and Area Served
Table 3M Super Glue Production Sites and Area Served
Figure Global Super Glue Production (K MT) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025
Figure Global Super Glue Revenue (Million USD) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025
Figure Global Super Glue Sales Price (USD/MT) Forecast 2019-2025
Figure North America Super Glue Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure North America Super Glue Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Europe Super Glue Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Europe Super Glue Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure China Super Glue Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure China Super Glue Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Japan Super Glue Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Japan Super Glue Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Super Glue Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Super Glue Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure India Super Glue Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure India Super Glue Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Table Global Production (K MT) of Super Glue by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global Consumption (K MT) of Super Glue by Application (2019-2025)
Table Super Glue Distributors List
Table Super Glue Customers List
Table Market Key Trends
Table Key Opportunities
Table Market Key Drivers
Table Key Challenges
Table Key Influence Factors
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources