▶ 調査レポート

オクタン酸第一すずのグローバル市場調査 2019年

• 英文タイトル:Global Stannous Octoate Market Professional Survey Report 2019

QYResearchが調査・発行した産業分析レポートです。オクタン酸第一すずのグローバル市場調査 2019年 / Global Stannous Octoate Market Professional Survey Report 2019 / QYR9NV12675資料のイメージです。• レポートコード:QYR9NV12675
• 出版社/出版日:QYResearch / 2019年11月16日
※2024年版があります。お問い合わせください。

• レポート形態:英文、PDF、104ページ
• 納品方法:Eメール(受注後2-3営業日)
• 産業分類:材料・化学
• 販売価格(消費税別)
  Single User¥518,000 (USD3,500)▷ お問い合わせ
  Enterprise License¥1,036,000 (USD7,000)▷ お問い合わせ
• ご注文方法:お問い合わせフォーム記入又はEメールでご連絡ください。
• お支払方法:銀行振込(納品後、ご請求書送付)
レポート概要
※本調査レポートは、オクタン酸第一すずの世界市場概要、製造コスト分析、開発・製造工場分析、主要メーカー分析、地域別分析情報、市場規模予測データ、マーケティングチャネル、流通業者リスト、顧客リストなどが含まれています。種類別には、工業用グレード、実験用グレードに、用途別には、触媒、硬化剤、その他にセグメント区分し、オクタン酸第一すずの世界市場を分析しました。


・エグゼクティブ・サマリー
・オクタン酸第一すずの世界市場概要
・オクタン酸第一すずの製造コスト構成分析
・オクタン酸第一すずの開発・製造工場分析
・主要メーカーの主な指標(生産能力、売上、価格分析)
・オクタン酸第一すずの地域別分析(生産、売上、主要メーカー、輸出・輸入)
(北米、ヨーロッパ、中国、日本国内、東南アジア、インド)
・オクタン酸第一すずのセグメント分析(種類別)
(工業用グレード、実験用グレード)
・オクタン酸第一すずのセグメント分析(用途別)
(触媒、硬化剤、その他)
・オクタン酸第一すずの主要メーカー別分析(生産拠点、製品概要、生産・売上実績)
(Air Products and Chemicals、Evonik、Nitto Kasei、Gulbrandsen、TIB Chemicals AG、Jiangsu Yoke、Zhejiang Wansheng、Changzhou chemistar、Yunnan Tin Group、)
・オクタン酸第一すずの市場規模予測(2019年~2025年)
(北米、ヨーロッパ、中国、日本国内、東南アジア、インド)
・マーケティングチャネル・流通業者・顧客
・市場ダイナミクス(市場動向、機会、成長要因、課題、影響因子)
...

The global Stannous Octoate market was valued at million US$ in 2018 and will reach million US$ by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of during 2019-2025.
This report focuses on Stannous Octoate volume and value at global level, regional level and company level. From a global perspective, this report represents overall Stannous Octoate market size by analyzing historical data and future prospect.
Regionally, this report categorizes the production, apparent consumption, export and import of Stannous Octoate in North America, Europe, China, Japan, Southeast Asia and India.
For each manufacturer covered, this report analyzes their Stannous Octoate manufacturing sites, capacity, production, ex-factory price, revenue and market share in global market.

The following manufacturers are covered:
Air Products and Chemicals
Evonik
Nitto Kasei
Gulbrandsen
TIB Chemicals AG
Jiangsu Yoke
Zhejiang Wansheng
Changzhou chemistar
Yunnan Tin Group

Segment by Regions
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Southeast Asia
India

Segment by Type
Industrial Grade
Experimental Grade

Segment by Application
Catalyst
Curing Agent
Other

レポート目次

Table of Contents

Executive Summary
1 Industry Overview of Stannous Octoate
1.1 Definition of Stannous Octoate
1.2 Stannous Octoate Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Stannous Octoate Production Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
1.2.2 Industrial Grade
1.2.3 Experimental Grade
1.3 Stannous Octoate Segment by Applications
1.3.1 Global Stannous Octoate Consumption Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
1.3.2 Catalyst
1.3.3 Curing Agent
1.3.4 Other
1.4 Global Stannous Octoate Overall Market
1.4.1 Global Stannous Octoate Revenue (2014-2025)
1.4.2 Global Stannous Octoate Production (2014-2025)
1.4.3 North America Stannous Octoate Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.4 Europe Stannous Octoate Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.5 China Stannous Octoate Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.6 Japan Stannous Octoate Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.7 Southeast Asia Stannous Octoate Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.8 India Stannous Octoate Status and Prospect (2014-2025)

2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
2.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Stannous Octoate
2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Stannous Octoate
2.4 Industry Chain Structure of Stannous Octoate

3 Development and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Stannous Octoate
3.1 Capacity and Commercial Production Date
3.2 Global Stannous Octoate Manufacturing Plants Distribution
3.3 Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position of Stannous Octoate
3.4 Recent Development and Expansion Plans

4 Key Figures of Major Manufacturers
4.1 Stannous Octoate Production and Capacity Analysis
4.2 Stannous Octoate Revenue Analysis
4.3 Stannous Octoate Price Analysis
4.4 Market Concentration Degree

5 Stannous Octoate Regional Market Analysis
5.1 Stannous Octoate Production by Regions
5.1.1 Global Stannous Octoate Production by Regions
5.1.2 Global Stannous Octoate Revenue by Regions
5.2 Stannous Octoate Consumption by Regions
5.3 North America Stannous Octoate Market Analysis
5.3.1 North America Stannous Octoate Production
5.3.2 North America Stannous Octoate Revenue
5.3.3 Key Manufacturers in North America
5.3.4 North America Stannous Octoate Import and Export
5.4 Europe Stannous Octoate Market Analysis
5.4.1 Europe Stannous Octoate Production
5.4.2 Europe Stannous Octoate Revenue
5.4.3 Key Manufacturers in Europe
5.4.4 Europe Stannous Octoate Import and Export
5.5 China Stannous Octoate Market Analysis
5.5.1 China Stannous Octoate Production
5.5.2 China Stannous Octoate Revenue
5.5.3 Key Manufacturers in China
5.5.4 China Stannous Octoate Import and Export
5.6 Japan Stannous Octoate Market Analysis
5.6.1 Japan Stannous Octoate Production
5.6.2 Japan Stannous Octoate Revenue
5.6.3 Key Manufacturers in Japan
5.6.4 Japan Stannous Octoate Import and Export
5.7 Southeast Asia Stannous Octoate Market Analysis
5.7.1 Southeast Asia Stannous Octoate Production
5.7.2 Southeast Asia Stannous Octoate Revenue
5.7.3 Key Manufacturers in Southeast Asia
5.7.4 Southeast Asia Stannous Octoate Import and Export
5.8 India Stannous Octoate Market Analysis
5.8.1 India Stannous Octoate Production
5.8.2 India Stannous Octoate Revenue
5.8.3 Key Manufacturers in India
5.8.4 India Stannous Octoate Import and Export

6 Stannous Octoate Segment Market Analysis (by Type)
6.1 Global Stannous Octoate Production by Type
6.2 Global Stannous Octoate Revenue by Type
6.3 Stannous Octoate Price by Type

7 Stannous Octoate Segment Market Analysis (by Application)
7.1 Global Stannous Octoate Consumption by Application
7.2 Global Stannous Octoate Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)

8 Stannous Octoate Major Manufacturers Analysis
8.1 Air Products and Chemicals
8.1.1 Air Products and Chemicals Stannous Octoate Production Sites and Area Served
8.1.2 Air Products and Chemicals Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.1.3 Air Products and Chemicals Stannous Octoate Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.1.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.2 Evonik
8.2.1 Evonik Stannous Octoate Production Sites and Area Served
8.2.2 Evonik Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.2.3 Evonik Stannous Octoate Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.2.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.3 Nitto Kasei
8.3.1 Nitto Kasei Stannous Octoate Production Sites and Area Served
8.3.2 Nitto Kasei Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.3.3 Nitto Kasei Stannous Octoate Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.3.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.4 Gulbrandsen
8.4.1 Gulbrandsen Stannous Octoate Production Sites and Area Served
8.4.2 Gulbrandsen Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.4.3 Gulbrandsen Stannous Octoate Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.5 TIB Chemicals AG
8.5.1 TIB Chemicals AG Stannous Octoate Production Sites and Area Served
8.5.2 TIB Chemicals AG Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.5.3 TIB Chemicals AG Stannous Octoate Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.5.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.6 Jiangsu Yoke
8.6.1 Jiangsu Yoke Stannous Octoate Production Sites and Area Served
8.6.2 Jiangsu Yoke Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.6.3 Jiangsu Yoke Stannous Octoate Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.6.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.7 Zhejiang Wansheng
8.7.1 Zhejiang Wansheng Stannous Octoate Production Sites and Area Served
8.7.2 Zhejiang Wansheng Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.7.3 Zhejiang Wansheng Stannous Octoate Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.7.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.8 Changzhou chemistar
8.8.1 Changzhou chemistar Stannous Octoate Production Sites and Area Served
8.8.2 Changzhou chemistar Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.8.3 Changzhou chemistar Stannous Octoate Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.8.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.9 Yunnan Tin Group
8.9.1 Yunnan Tin Group Stannous Octoate Production Sites and Area Served
8.9.2 Yunnan Tin Group Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.9.3 Yunnan Tin Group Stannous Octoate Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.9.4 Main Business and Markets Served

9 Development Trend of Analysis of Stannous Octoate Market
9.1 Global Stannous Octoate Market Trend Analysis
9.1.1 Global Stannous Octoate Market Size (Volume and Value) Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Stannous Octoate Regional Market Trend
9.2.1 North America Stannous Octoate Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.2 Europe Stannous Octoate Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.3 China Stannous Octoate Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.4 Japan Stannous Octoate Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.5 Southeast Asia Stannous Octoate Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.6 India Stannous Octoate Forecast 2019-2025
9.3 Stannous Octoate Market Trend (Product Type)
9.4 Stannous Octoate Market Trend (Application)

10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.3 Stannous Octoate Customers

11 Market Dynamics
11.1 Market Trends
11.2 Opportunities
11.3 Market Drivers
11.4 Challenges
11.5 Influence Factors

12 Conclusion
13 Appendix
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Author List
13.4 Disclaimer

List of Tables and Figures
Figure Picture of Stannous Octoate
Table Global Stannous Octoate Production (K MT) Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
Figure Global Stannous Octoate Production Market Share by Types in 2018
Figure Industrial Grade Product Picture
Figure Experimental Grade Product Picture
Table Global Stannous Octoate Consumption (K MT) Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
Figure Global Stannous Octoate Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2018
Figure Catalyst
Figure Curing Agent
Figure Other
Figure Global Stannous Octoate Revenue (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Global Stannous Octoate Production (K MT) (2014-2025)
Figure North America Stannous Octoate Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Europe Stannous Octoate Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure China Stannous Octoate Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Japan Stannous Octoate Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Southeast Asia Stannous Octoate Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure India Stannous Octoate Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Table Stannous Octoate Raw Material and Suppliers
Table Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Stannous Octoate in 2018
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Stannous Octoate
Figure Industry Chain Structure of Stannous Octoate
Table Capacity and Commercial Production Date of Key Manufacturers
Table Global Stannous Octoate Manufacturing Plants Distribution
Table Stannous Octoate Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position
Table Recent Development and Expansion Plans in Future
Table Stannous Octoate Capacity (K MT) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Stannous Octoate Production (K MT) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Stannous Octoate Production Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Stannous Octoate Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Stannous Octoate Revenue (Million US$) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Stannous Octoate Revenue Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Stannous Octoate Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Stannous Octoate Average Price (USD/MT) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Global Stannous Octoate Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K MT)
Table Global Stannous Octoate Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Stannous Octoate Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Stannous Octoate Revenue by Regions 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Stannous Octoate Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Stannous Octoate Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Stannous Octoate Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K MT)
Table Global Stannous Octoate Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure North America Stannous Octoate Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure North America Stannous Octoate Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table North America Stannous Octoate Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure Europe Stannous Octoate Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Europe Stannous Octoate Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Europe Stannous Octoate Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure China Stannous Octoate Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure China Stannous Octoate Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table China Stannous Octoate Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure Japan Stannous Octoate Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Japan Stannous Octoate Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Japan Stannous Octoate Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Stannous Octoate Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Stannous Octoate Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Southeast Asia Stannous Octoate Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure India Stannous Octoate Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure India Stannous Octoate Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table India Stannous Octoate Production, Consumption Import and Export (K MT)
Figure Global Consumption Stannous Octoate Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Value (Consumption) Stannous Octoate Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table Air Products and Chemicals Stannous Octoate Production Sites and Area Served
Table Air Products and Chemicals Stannous Octoate Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Air Products and Chemicals Stannous Octoate Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Air Products and Chemicals Stannous Octoate Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Air Products and Chemicals Stannous Octoate Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Air Products and Chemicals Stannous Octoate Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Air Products and Chemicals Stannous Octoate Main Business and Markets Served
Table Evonik Stannous Octoate Production Sites and Area Served
Table Evonik Stannous Octoate Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Evonik Stannous Octoate Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Evonik Stannous Octoate Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Evonik Stannous Octoate Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Evonik Stannous Octoate Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Evonik Stannous Octoate Main Business and Markets Served
Table Nitto Kasei Stannous Octoate Production Sites and Area Served
Table Nitto Kasei Stannous Octoate Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Nitto Kasei Stannous Octoate Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Nitto Kasei Stannous Octoate Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Nitto Kasei Stannous Octoate Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Nitto Kasei Stannous Octoate Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Nitto Kasei Stannous Octoate Main Business and Markets Served
Table Gulbrandsen Stannous Octoate Production Sites and Area Served
Table Gulbrandsen Stannous Octoate Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Gulbrandsen Stannous Octoate Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Gulbrandsen Stannous Octoate Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Gulbrandsen Stannous Octoate Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Gulbrandsen Stannous Octoate Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Gulbrandsen Stannous Octoate Main Business and Markets Served
Table TIB Chemicals AG Stannous Octoate Production Sites and Area Served
Table TIB Chemicals AG Stannous Octoate Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table TIB Chemicals AG Stannous Octoate Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table TIB Chemicals AG Stannous Octoate Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table TIB Chemicals AG Stannous Octoate Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure TIB Chemicals AG Stannous Octoate Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table TIB Chemicals AG Stannous Octoate Main Business and Markets Served
Table Jiangsu Yoke Stannous Octoate Production Sites and Area Served
Table Jiangsu Yoke Stannous Octoate Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Jiangsu Yoke Stannous Octoate Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Jiangsu Yoke Stannous Octoate Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Jiangsu Yoke Stannous Octoate Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Jiangsu Yoke Stannous Octoate Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Jiangsu Yoke Stannous Octoate Main Business and Markets Served
Table Zhejiang Wansheng Stannous Octoate Production Sites and Area Served
Table Zhejiang Wansheng Stannous Octoate Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Zhejiang Wansheng Stannous Octoate Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Zhejiang Wansheng Stannous Octoate Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Zhejiang Wansheng Stannous Octoate Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Zhejiang Wansheng Stannous Octoate Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Zhejiang Wansheng Stannous Octoate Main Business and Markets Served
Table Changzhou chemistar Stannous Octoate Production Sites and Area Served
Table Changzhou chemistar Stannous Octoate Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Changzhou chemistar Stannous Octoate Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Changzhou chemistar Stannous Octoate Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Changzhou chemistar Stannous Octoate Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Changzhou chemistar Stannous Octoate Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Changzhou chemistar Stannous Octoate Main Business and Markets Served
Table Yunnan Tin Group Stannous Octoate Production Sites and Area Served
Table Yunnan Tin Group Stannous Octoate Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Yunnan Tin Group Stannous Octoate Production (K MT), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Yunnan Tin Group Stannous Octoate Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Yunnan Tin Group Stannous Octoate Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Yunnan Tin Group Stannous Octoate Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Yunnan Tin Group Stannous Octoate Main Business and Markets Served
Figure Global Stannous Octoate Production (K MT) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025
Figure Global Stannous Octoate Revenue (Million USD) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025
Figure Global Stannous Octoate Sales Price (USD/MT) Forecast 2019-2025
Figure North America Stannous Octoate Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure North America Stannous Octoate Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Europe Stannous Octoate Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Europe Stannous Octoate Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure China Stannous Octoate Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure China Stannous Octoate Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Japan Stannous Octoate Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Japan Stannous Octoate Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Stannous Octoate Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Stannous Octoate Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure India Stannous Octoate Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure India Stannous Octoate Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Table Global Production (K MT) of Stannous Octoate by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global Consumption (K MT) of Stannous Octoate by Application (2019-2025)
Table Stannous Octoate Distributors List
Table Stannous Octoate Customers List
Table Market Key Trends
Table Key Opportunities
Table Market Key Drivers
Table Key Challenges
Table Key Influence Factors
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources