▶ 調査レポート

バーコードプリンターのグローバル市場調査 2019年

• 英文タイトル:Global Bar Code Printer Market Professional Survey Report 2019

QYResearchが調査・発行した産業分析レポートです。バーコードプリンターのグローバル市場調査 2019年 / Global Bar Code Printer Market Professional Survey Report 2019 / QYR9NV01523資料のイメージです。• レポートコード:QYR9NV01523
• 出版社/出版日:QYResearch / 2019年11月12日
※2024年版があります。お問い合わせください。

• レポート形態:英文、PDF、115ページ
• 納品方法:Eメール(受注後2-3営業日)
• 産業分類:機械・装置
• 販売価格(消費税別)
  Single User¥518,000 (USD3,500)▷ お問い合わせ
  Enterprise License¥1,036,000 (USD7,000)▷ お問い合わせ
• ご注文方法:お問い合わせフォーム記入又はEメールでご連絡ください。
• お支払方法:銀行振込(納品後、ご請求書送付)
レポート概要
※本調査レポートは、バーコードプリンターの世界市場概要、製造コスト分析、開発・製造工場分析、主要メーカー分析、地域別分析情報、市場規模予測データ、マーケティングチャネル、流通業者リスト、顧客リストなどが含まれています。種類別には、固定型バーコードプリンター、携帯型バーコードプリンターに、用途別には、服屋、スーパー、モール、その他にセグメント区分し、バーコードプリンターの世界市場を分析しました。


・エグゼクティブ・サマリー
・バーコードプリンターの世界市場概要
・バーコードプリンターの製造コスト構成分析
・バーコードプリンターの開発・製造工場分析
・主要メーカーの主な指標(生産能力、売上、価格分析)
・バーコードプリンターの地域別分析(生産、売上、主要メーカー、輸出・輸入)
(北米、ヨーロッパ、中国、日本国内、東南アジア、インド)
・バーコードプリンターのセグメント分析(種類別)
(固定型バーコードプリンター、携帯型バーコードプリンター)
・バーコードプリンターのセグメント分析(用途別)
(服屋、スーパー、モール、その他)
・バーコードプリンターの主要メーカー別分析(生産拠点、製品概要、生産・売上実績)
(Toshiba Corporation、Argox、Zebra、Postek、BJ Xby、Gainscha、Leden、HPRT、Citizen、SATO、TSC、ZMIN、)
・バーコードプリンターの市場規模予測(2019年~2025年)
(北米、ヨーロッパ、中国、日本国内、東南アジア、インド)
・マーケティングチャネル・流通業者・顧客
・市場ダイナミクス(市場動向、機会、成長要因、課題、影響因子)
...

The global Bar Code Printer market was valued at million US$ in 2018 and will reach million US$ by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of during 2019-2025.
This report focuses on Bar Code Printer volume and value at global level, regional level and company level. From a global perspective, this report represents overall Bar Code Printer market size by analyzing historical data and future prospect.
Regionally, this report categorizes the production, apparent consumption, export and import of Bar Code Printer in North America, Europe, China, Japan, Southeast Asia and India.
For each manufacturer covered, this report analyzes their Bar Code Printer manufacturing sites, capacity, production, ex-factory price, revenue and market share in global market.

The following manufacturers are covered:
Toshiba Corporation
Argox
Zebra
Postek
BJ Xby
Gainscha
Leden
HPRT
Citizen
SATO
TSC
ZMIN

Segment by Regions
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Southeast Asia
India

Segment by Type
Fixed Bar Code Printer
Portable Bar Code Printer

Segment by Application
Clothing Stores
Supermarket
Mall
Other

レポート目次

Table of Contents

Executive Summary
1 Industry Overview of Bar Code Printer
1.1 Definition of Bar Code Printer
1.2 Bar Code Printer Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Bar Code Printer Production Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
1.2.2 Fixed Bar Code Printer
1.2.3 Portable Bar Code Printer
1.3 Bar Code Printer Segment by Applications
1.3.1 Global Bar Code Printer Consumption Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
1.3.2 Clothing Stores
1.3.3 Supermarket
1.3.4 Mall
1.3.5 Other
1.4 Global Bar Code Printer Overall Market
1.4.1 Global Bar Code Printer Revenue (2014-2025)
1.4.2 Global Bar Code Printer Production (2014-2025)
1.4.3 North America Bar Code Printer Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.4 Europe Bar Code Printer Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.5 China Bar Code Printer Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.6 Japan Bar Code Printer Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.7 Southeast Asia Bar Code Printer Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.8 India Bar Code Printer Status and Prospect (2014-2025)

2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
2.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Bar Code Printer
2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Bar Code Printer
2.4 Industry Chain Structure of Bar Code Printer

3 Development and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Bar Code Printer
3.1 Capacity and Commercial Production Date
3.2 Global Bar Code Printer Manufacturing Plants Distribution
3.3 Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position of Bar Code Printer
3.4 Recent Development and Expansion Plans

4 Key Figures of Major Manufacturers
4.1 Bar Code Printer Production and Capacity Analysis
4.2 Bar Code Printer Revenue Analysis
4.3 Bar Code Printer Price Analysis
4.4 Market Concentration Degree

5 Bar Code Printer Regional Market Analysis
5.1 Bar Code Printer Production by Regions
5.1.1 Global Bar Code Printer Production by Regions
5.1.2 Global Bar Code Printer Revenue by Regions
5.2 Bar Code Printer Consumption by Regions
5.3 North America Bar Code Printer Market Analysis
5.3.1 North America Bar Code Printer Production
5.3.2 North America Bar Code Printer Revenue
5.3.3 Key Manufacturers in North America
5.3.4 North America Bar Code Printer Import and Export
5.4 Europe Bar Code Printer Market Analysis
5.4.1 Europe Bar Code Printer Production
5.4.2 Europe Bar Code Printer Revenue
5.4.3 Key Manufacturers in Europe
5.4.4 Europe Bar Code Printer Import and Export
5.5 China Bar Code Printer Market Analysis
5.5.1 China Bar Code Printer Production
5.5.2 China Bar Code Printer Revenue
5.5.3 Key Manufacturers in China
5.5.4 China Bar Code Printer Import and Export
5.6 Japan Bar Code Printer Market Analysis
5.6.1 Japan Bar Code Printer Production
5.6.2 Japan Bar Code Printer Revenue
5.6.3 Key Manufacturers in Japan
5.6.4 Japan Bar Code Printer Import and Export
5.7 Southeast Asia Bar Code Printer Market Analysis
5.7.1 Southeast Asia Bar Code Printer Production
5.7.2 Southeast Asia Bar Code Printer Revenue
5.7.3 Key Manufacturers in Southeast Asia
5.7.4 Southeast Asia Bar Code Printer Import and Export
5.8 India Bar Code Printer Market Analysis
5.8.1 India Bar Code Printer Production
5.8.2 India Bar Code Printer Revenue
5.8.3 Key Manufacturers in India
5.8.4 India Bar Code Printer Import and Export

6 Bar Code Printer Segment Market Analysis (by Type)
6.1 Global Bar Code Printer Production by Type
6.2 Global Bar Code Printer Revenue by Type
6.3 Bar Code Printer Price by Type

7 Bar Code Printer Segment Market Analysis (by Application)
7.1 Global Bar Code Printer Consumption by Application
7.2 Global Bar Code Printer Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)

8 Bar Code Printer Major Manufacturers Analysis
8.1 Toshiba Corporation
8.1.1 Toshiba Corporation Bar Code Printer Production Sites and Area Served
8.1.2 Toshiba Corporation Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.1.3 Toshiba Corporation Bar Code Printer Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.1.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.2 Argox
8.2.1 Argox Bar Code Printer Production Sites and Area Served
8.2.2 Argox Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.2.3 Argox Bar Code Printer Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.2.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.3 Zebra
8.3.1 Zebra Bar Code Printer Production Sites and Area Served
8.3.2 Zebra Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.3.3 Zebra Bar Code Printer Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.3.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.4 Postek
8.4.1 Postek Bar Code Printer Production Sites and Area Served
8.4.2 Postek Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.4.3 Postek Bar Code Printer Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.5 BJ Xby
8.5.1 BJ Xby Bar Code Printer Production Sites and Area Served
8.5.2 BJ Xby Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.5.3 BJ Xby Bar Code Printer Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.5.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.6 Gainscha
8.6.1 Gainscha Bar Code Printer Production Sites and Area Served
8.6.2 Gainscha Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.6.3 Gainscha Bar Code Printer Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.6.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.7 Leden
8.7.1 Leden Bar Code Printer Production Sites and Area Served
8.7.2 Leden Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.7.3 Leden Bar Code Printer Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.7.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.8 HPRT
8.8.1 HPRT Bar Code Printer Production Sites and Area Served
8.8.2 HPRT Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.8.3 HPRT Bar Code Printer Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.8.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.9 Citizen
8.9.1 Citizen Bar Code Printer Production Sites and Area Served
8.9.2 Citizen Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.9.3 Citizen Bar Code Printer Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.9.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.10 SATO
8.10.1 SATO Bar Code Printer Production Sites and Area Served
8.10.2 SATO Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.10.3 SATO Bar Code Printer Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.10.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.11 TSC
8.12 ZMIN

9 Development Trend of Analysis of Bar Code Printer Market
9.1 Global Bar Code Printer Market Trend Analysis
9.1.1 Global Bar Code Printer Market Size (Volume and Value) Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Bar Code Printer Regional Market Trend
9.2.1 North America Bar Code Printer Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.2 Europe Bar Code Printer Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.3 China Bar Code Printer Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.4 Japan Bar Code Printer Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.5 Southeast Asia Bar Code Printer Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.6 India Bar Code Printer Forecast 2019-2025
9.3 Bar Code Printer Market Trend (Product Type)
9.4 Bar Code Printer Market Trend (Application)

10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.3 Bar Code Printer Customers

11 Market Dynamics
11.1 Market Trends
11.2 Opportunities
11.3 Market Drivers
11.4 Challenges
11.5 Influence Factors

12 Conclusion
13 Appendix
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Author List
13.4 Disclaimer

List of Tables and Figures
Figure Picture of Bar Code Printer
Table Global Bar Code Printer Production (K Units) Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
Figure Global Bar Code Printer Production Market Share by Types in 2018
Figure Fixed Bar Code Printer Product Picture
Figure Portable Bar Code Printer Product Picture
Table Global Bar Code Printer Consumption (K Units) Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
Figure Global Bar Code Printer Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2018
Figure Clothing Stores
Figure Supermarket
Figure Mall
Figure Other
Figure Global Bar Code Printer Revenue (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Global Bar Code Printer Production (K Units) (2014-2025)
Figure North America Bar Code Printer Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Europe Bar Code Printer Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure China Bar Code Printer Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Japan Bar Code Printer Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Southeast Asia Bar Code Printer Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure India Bar Code Printer Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Table Bar Code Printer Raw Material and Suppliers
Table Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Bar Code Printer in 2018
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Bar Code Printer
Figure Industry Chain Structure of Bar Code Printer
Table Capacity and Commercial Production Date of Key Manufacturers
Table Global Bar Code Printer Manufacturing Plants Distribution
Table Bar Code Printer Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position
Table Recent Development and Expansion Plans in Future
Table Bar Code Printer Capacity (K Units) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Bar Code Printer Production (K Units) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Bar Code Printer Production Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Bar Code Printer Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Bar Code Printer Revenue (Million US$) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Bar Code Printer Revenue Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Bar Code Printer Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Bar Code Printer Average Price (USD/Unit) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Global Bar Code Printer Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Bar Code Printer Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Bar Code Printer Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Bar Code Printer Revenue by Regions 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Bar Code Printer Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Bar Code Printer Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Bar Code Printer Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Bar Code Printer Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure North America Bar Code Printer Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure North America Bar Code Printer Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table North America Bar Code Printer Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Europe Bar Code Printer Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Europe Bar Code Printer Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Europe Bar Code Printer Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure China Bar Code Printer Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure China Bar Code Printer Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table China Bar Code Printer Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Japan Bar Code Printer Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Japan Bar Code Printer Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Japan Bar Code Printer Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Bar Code Printer Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Bar Code Printer Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Southeast Asia Bar Code Printer Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure India Bar Code Printer Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure India Bar Code Printer Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table India Bar Code Printer Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Global Consumption Bar Code Printer Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Value (Consumption) Bar Code Printer Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table Toshiba Corporation Bar Code Printer Production Sites and Area Served
Table Toshiba Corporation Bar Code Printer Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Toshiba Corporation Bar Code Printer Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Toshiba Corporation Bar Code Printer Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Toshiba Corporation Bar Code Printer Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Toshiba Corporation Bar Code Printer Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Toshiba Corporation Bar Code Printer Main Business and Markets Served
Table Argox Bar Code Printer Production Sites and Area Served
Table Argox Bar Code Printer Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Argox Bar Code Printer Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Argox Bar Code Printer Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Argox Bar Code Printer Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Argox Bar Code Printer Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Argox Bar Code Printer Main Business and Markets Served
Table Zebra Bar Code Printer Production Sites and Area Served
Table Zebra Bar Code Printer Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Zebra Bar Code Printer Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Zebra Bar Code Printer Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Zebra Bar Code Printer Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Zebra Bar Code Printer Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Zebra Bar Code Printer Main Business and Markets Served
Table Postek Bar Code Printer Production Sites and Area Served
Table Postek Bar Code Printer Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Postek Bar Code Printer Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Postek Bar Code Printer Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Postek Bar Code Printer Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Postek Bar Code Printer Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Postek Bar Code Printer Main Business and Markets Served
Table BJ Xby Bar Code Printer Production Sites and Area Served
Table BJ Xby Bar Code Printer Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table BJ Xby Bar Code Printer Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table BJ Xby Bar Code Printer Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table BJ Xby Bar Code Printer Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure BJ Xby Bar Code Printer Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table BJ Xby Bar Code Printer Main Business and Markets Served
Table Gainscha Bar Code Printer Production Sites and Area Served
Table Gainscha Bar Code Printer Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Gainscha Bar Code Printer Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Gainscha Bar Code Printer Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Gainscha Bar Code Printer Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Gainscha Bar Code Printer Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Gainscha Bar Code Printer Main Business and Markets Served
Table Leden Bar Code Printer Production Sites and Area Served
Table Leden Bar Code Printer Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Leden Bar Code Printer Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Leden Bar Code Printer Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Leden Bar Code Printer Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Leden Bar Code Printer Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Leden Bar Code Printer Main Business and Markets Served
Table HPRT Bar Code Printer Production Sites and Area Served
Table HPRT Bar Code Printer Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table HPRT Bar Code Printer Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table HPRT Bar Code Printer Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table HPRT Bar Code Printer Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure HPRT Bar Code Printer Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table HPRT Bar Code Printer Main Business and Markets Served
Table Citizen Bar Code Printer Production Sites and Area Served
Table Citizen Bar Code Printer Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Citizen Bar Code Printer Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Citizen Bar Code Printer Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Citizen Bar Code Printer Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Citizen Bar Code Printer Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Citizen Bar Code Printer Main Business and Markets Served
Table SATO Bar Code Printer Production Sites and Area Served
Table SATO Bar Code Printer Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table SATO Bar Code Printer Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table SATO Bar Code Printer Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table SATO Bar Code Printer Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure SATO Bar Code Printer Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table SATO Bar Code Printer Main Business and Markets Served
Table TSC Bar Code Printer Production Sites and Area Served
Table ZMIN Bar Code Printer Production Sites and Area Served
Figure Global Bar Code Printer Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025
Figure Global Bar Code Printer Revenue (Million USD) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025
Figure Global Bar Code Printer Sales Price (USD/Unit) Forecast 2019-2025
Figure North America Bar Code Printer Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure North America Bar Code Printer Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Europe Bar Code Printer Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Europe Bar Code Printer Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure China Bar Code Printer Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure China Bar Code Printer Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Japan Bar Code Printer Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Bar Code Printer Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Bar Code Printer Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Bar Code Printer Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure India Bar Code Printer Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Bar Code Printer Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Table Global Production (K Units) of Bar Code Printer by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global Consumption (K Units) of Bar Code Printer by Application (2019-2025)
Table Bar Code Printer Distributors List
Table Bar Code Printer Customers List
Table Market Key Trends
Table Key Opportunities
Table Market Key Drivers
Table Key Challenges
Table Key Influence Factors
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources