• レポートコード:QYR9NV00926 • 出版社/出版日:QYResearch / 2019年11月12日 ※2024年版があります。お問い合わせください。 • レポート形態:英文、PDF、108ページ • 納品方法:Eメール(受注後2-3営業日) • 産業分類:医療機器 |
Single User | ¥525,000 (USD3,500) | ▷ お問い合わせ |
Enterprise License | ¥1,050,000 (USD7,000) | ▷ お問い合わせ |
• お支払方法:銀行振込(納品後、ご請求書送付)
レポート概要
※本調査レポートは、人工呼吸器の世界市場概要、製造コスト分析、開発・製造工場分析、主要メーカー分析、地域別分析情報、市場規模予測データ、マーケティングチャネル、流通業者リスト、顧客リストなどが含まれています。種類別には、定圧形、定容積形に、用途別には、病院、クリニック、ホームにセグメント区分し、人工呼吸器の世界市場を分析しました。 ・エグゼクティブ・サマリー ・人工呼吸器の世界市場概要 ・人工呼吸器の製造コスト構成分析 ・人工呼吸器の開発・製造工場分析 ・主要メーカーの主な指標(生産能力、売上、価格分析) ・人工呼吸器の地域別分析(生産、売上、主要メーカー、輸出・輸入) (北米、ヨーロッパ、中国、日本国内、東南アジア、インド) ・人工呼吸器のセグメント分析(種類別) (定圧形、定容積形) ・人工呼吸器のセグメント分析(用途別) (病院、クリニック、ホーム) ・人工呼吸器の主要メーカー別分析(生産拠点、製品概要、生産・売上実績) (CareFusion、Air Liquide Healthcare、Fisher & Paykel Healthcare、HOFFRICHTER GmbH、Drager、Phillips、ResMed、Ambu、Acutronic Medical Systems、GaleMed、) ・人工呼吸器の市場規模予測(2019年~2025年) (北米、ヨーロッパ、中国、日本国内、東南アジア、インド) ・マーケティングチャネル・流通業者・顧客 ・市場ダイナミクス(市場動向、機会、成長要因、課題、影響因子) ... |
The global Artificial Respirator market was valued at million US$ in 2018 and will reach million US$ by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of during 2019-2025.
This report focuses on Artificial Respirator volume and value at global level, regional level and company level. From a global perspective, this report represents overall Artificial Respirator market size by analyzing historical data and future prospect.
Regionally, this report categorizes the production, apparent consumption, export and import of Artificial Respirator in North America, Europe, China, Japan, Southeast Asia and India.
For each manufacturer covered, this report analyzes their Artificial Respirator manufacturing sites, capacity, production, ex-factory price, revenue and market share in global market.
The following manufacturers are covered:
CareFusion
Air Liquide Healthcare
Fisher & Paykel Healthcare
HOFFRICHTER GmbH
Drager
Phillips
ResMed
Ambu
Acutronic Medical Systems
GaleMed
Segment by Regions
North America
Europe
China
Japan
Southeast Asia
India
Segment by Type
Constant Pressure Type
Constant Volume Type
Segment by Application
Hospital
Clinic
Home
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
1 Industry Overview of Artificial Respirator
1.1 Definition of Artificial Respirator
1.2 Artificial Respirator Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Artificial Respirator Production Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
1.2.2 Constant Pressure Type
1.2.3 Constant Volume Type
1.3 Artificial Respirator Segment by Applications
1.3.1 Global Artificial Respirator Consumption Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
1.3.2 Hospital
1.3.3 Clinic
1.3.4 Home
1.4 Global Artificial Respirator Overall Market
1.4.1 Global Artificial Respirator Revenue (2014-2025)
1.4.2 Global Artificial Respirator Production (2014-2025)
1.4.3 North America Artificial Respirator Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.4 Europe Artificial Respirator Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.5 China Artificial Respirator Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.6 Japan Artificial Respirator Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.7 Southeast Asia Artificial Respirator Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
1.4.8 India Artificial Respirator Status and Prospect (2014-2025)
2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
2.1 Raw Material and Suppliers
2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Artificial Respirator
2.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Artificial Respirator
2.4 Industry Chain Structure of Artificial Respirator
3 Development and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of Artificial Respirator
3.1 Capacity and Commercial Production Date
3.2 Global Artificial Respirator Manufacturing Plants Distribution
3.3 Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position of Artificial Respirator
3.4 Recent Development and Expansion Plans
4 Key Figures of Major Manufacturers
4.1 Artificial Respirator Production and Capacity Analysis
4.2 Artificial Respirator Revenue Analysis
4.3 Artificial Respirator Price Analysis
4.4 Market Concentration Degree
5 Artificial Respirator Regional Market Analysis
5.1 Artificial Respirator Production by Regions
5.1.1 Global Artificial Respirator Production by Regions
5.1.2 Global Artificial Respirator Revenue by Regions
5.2 Artificial Respirator Consumption by Regions
5.3 North America Artificial Respirator Market Analysis
5.3.1 North America Artificial Respirator Production
5.3.2 North America Artificial Respirator Revenue
5.3.3 Key Manufacturers in North America
5.3.4 North America Artificial Respirator Import and Export
5.4 Europe Artificial Respirator Market Analysis
5.4.1 Europe Artificial Respirator Production
5.4.2 Europe Artificial Respirator Revenue
5.4.3 Key Manufacturers in Europe
5.4.4 Europe Artificial Respirator Import and Export
5.5 China Artificial Respirator Market Analysis
5.5.1 China Artificial Respirator Production
5.5.2 China Artificial Respirator Revenue
5.5.3 Key Manufacturers in China
5.5.4 China Artificial Respirator Import and Export
5.6 Japan Artificial Respirator Market Analysis
5.6.1 Japan Artificial Respirator Production
5.6.2 Japan Artificial Respirator Revenue
5.6.3 Key Manufacturers in Japan
5.6.4 Japan Artificial Respirator Import and Export
5.7 Southeast Asia Artificial Respirator Market Analysis
5.7.1 Southeast Asia Artificial Respirator Production
5.7.2 Southeast Asia Artificial Respirator Revenue
5.7.3 Key Manufacturers in Southeast Asia
5.7.4 Southeast Asia Artificial Respirator Import and Export
5.8 India Artificial Respirator Market Analysis
5.8.1 India Artificial Respirator Production
5.8.2 India Artificial Respirator Revenue
5.8.3 Key Manufacturers in India
5.8.4 India Artificial Respirator Import and Export
6 Artificial Respirator Segment Market Analysis (by Type)
6.1 Global Artificial Respirator Production by Type
6.2 Global Artificial Respirator Revenue by Type
6.3 Artificial Respirator Price by Type
7 Artificial Respirator Segment Market Analysis (by Application)
7.1 Global Artificial Respirator Consumption by Application
7.2 Global Artificial Respirator Consumption Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
8 Artificial Respirator Major Manufacturers Analysis
8.1 CareFusion
8.1.1 CareFusion Artificial Respirator Production Sites and Area Served
8.1.2 CareFusion Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.1.3 CareFusion Artificial Respirator Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.1.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.2 Air Liquide Healthcare
8.2.1 Air Liquide Healthcare Artificial Respirator Production Sites and Area Served
8.2.2 Air Liquide Healthcare Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.2.3 Air Liquide Healthcare Artificial Respirator Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.2.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.3 Fisher & Paykel Healthcare
8.3.1 Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Artificial Respirator Production Sites and Area Served
8.3.2 Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.3.3 Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Artificial Respirator Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.3.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.4 HOFFRICHTER GmbH
8.4.1 HOFFRICHTER GmbH Artificial Respirator Production Sites and Area Served
8.4.2 HOFFRICHTER GmbH Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.4.3 HOFFRICHTER GmbH Artificial Respirator Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.4.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.5 Drager
8.5.1 Drager Artificial Respirator Production Sites and Area Served
8.5.2 Drager Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.5.3 Drager Artificial Respirator Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.5.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.6 Phillips
8.6.1 Phillips Artificial Respirator Production Sites and Area Served
8.6.2 Phillips Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.6.3 Phillips Artificial Respirator Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.6.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.7 ResMed
8.7.1 ResMed Artificial Respirator Production Sites and Area Served
8.7.2 ResMed Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.7.3 ResMed Artificial Respirator Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.7.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.8 Ambu
8.8.1 Ambu Artificial Respirator Production Sites and Area Served
8.8.2 Ambu Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.8.3 Ambu Artificial Respirator Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.8.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.9 Acutronic Medical Systems
8.9.1 Acutronic Medical Systems Artificial Respirator Production Sites and Area Served
8.9.2 Acutronic Medical Systems Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.9.3 Acutronic Medical Systems Artificial Respirator Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.9.4 Main Business and Markets Served
8.10 GaleMed
8.10.1 GaleMed Artificial Respirator Production Sites and Area Served
8.10.2 GaleMed Product Introduction, Application and Specification
8.10.3 GaleMed Artificial Respirator Production, Revenue, Ex-factory Price and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
8.10.4 Main Business and Markets Served
9 Development Trend of Analysis of Artificial Respirator Market
9.1 Global Artificial Respirator Market Trend Analysis
9.1.1 Global Artificial Respirator Market Size (Volume and Value) Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Artificial Respirator Regional Market Trend
9.2.1 North America Artificial Respirator Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.2 Europe Artificial Respirator Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.3 China Artificial Respirator Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.4 Japan Artificial Respirator Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.5 Southeast Asia Artificial Respirator Forecast 2019-2025
9.2.6 India Artificial Respirator Forecast 2019-2025
9.3 Artificial Respirator Market Trend (Product Type)
9.4 Artificial Respirator Market Trend (Application)
10.1 Marketing Channel
10.1.1 Direct Marketing
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing
10.3 Artificial Respirator Customers
11 Market Dynamics
11.1 Market Trends
11.2 Opportunities
11.3 Market Drivers
11.4 Challenges
11.5 Influence Factors
12 Conclusion
13 Appendix
13.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.2 Data Source
13.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.2.2 Primary Sources
13.3 Author List
13.4 Disclaimer
Figure Picture of Artificial Respirator
Table Global Artificial Respirator Production (K Units) Growth Rate Comparison by Types (2014-2025)
Figure Global Artificial Respirator Production Market Share by Types in 2018
Figure Constant Pressure Type Product Picture
Figure Constant Volume Type Product Picture
Table Global Artificial Respirator Consumption (K Units) Comparison by Applications (2014-2025)
Figure Global Artificial Respirator Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2018
Figure Hospital
Figure Clinic
Figure Home
Figure Global Artificial Respirator Revenue (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Global Artificial Respirator Production (K Units) (2014-2025)
Figure North America Artificial Respirator Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Europe Artificial Respirator Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure China Artificial Respirator Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Japan Artificial Respirator Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure Southeast Asia Artificial Respirator Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Figure India Artificial Respirator Market Size (Million USD) (2014-2025)
Table Artificial Respirator Raw Material and Suppliers
Table Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of Artificial Respirator in 2018
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Artificial Respirator
Figure Industry Chain Structure of Artificial Respirator
Table Capacity and Commercial Production Date of Key Manufacturers
Table Global Artificial Respirator Manufacturing Plants Distribution
Table Artificial Respirator Major Manufacturers Technology Source and Market Position
Table Recent Development and Expansion Plans in Future
Table Artificial Respirator Capacity (K Units) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Artificial Respirator Production (K Units) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Artificial Respirator Production Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Artificial Respirator Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Artificial Respirator Revenue (Million US$) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Artificial Respirator Revenue Market Share of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Artificial Respirator Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Artificial Respirator Average Price (USD/Unit) of Major Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Global Artificial Respirator Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Artificial Respirator Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Artificial Respirator Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Artificial Respirator Revenue by Regions 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Artificial Respirator Revenue Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Artificial Respirator Revenue Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Artificial Respirator Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K Units)
Table Global Artificial Respirator Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure North America Artificial Respirator Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure North America Artificial Respirator Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table North America Artificial Respirator Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Europe Artificial Respirator Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Europe Artificial Respirator Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Europe Artificial Respirator Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure China Artificial Respirator Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure China Artificial Respirator Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table China Artificial Respirator Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Japan Artificial Respirator Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Japan Artificial Respirator Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Japan Artificial Respirator Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Artificial Respirator Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Artificial Respirator Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Southeast Asia Artificial Respirator Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure India Artificial Respirator Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K Units)
Figure India Artificial Respirator Revenue Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table India Artificial Respirator Production, Consumption Import and Export (K Units)
Figure Global Consumption Artificial Respirator Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Value (Consumption) Artificial Respirator Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table CareFusion Artificial Respirator Production Sites and Area Served
Table CareFusion Artificial Respirator Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table CareFusion Artificial Respirator Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table CareFusion Artificial Respirator Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table CareFusion Artificial Respirator Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure CareFusion Artificial Respirator Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table CareFusion Artificial Respirator Main Business and Markets Served
Table Air Liquide Healthcare Artificial Respirator Production Sites and Area Served
Table Air Liquide Healthcare Artificial Respirator Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Air Liquide Healthcare Artificial Respirator Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Air Liquide Healthcare Artificial Respirator Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Air Liquide Healthcare Artificial Respirator Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Air Liquide Healthcare Artificial Respirator Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Air Liquide Healthcare Artificial Respirator Main Business and Markets Served
Table Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Artificial Respirator Production Sites and Area Served
Table Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Artificial Respirator Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Artificial Respirator Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Artificial Respirator Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Artificial Respirator Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Artificial Respirator Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Artificial Respirator Main Business and Markets Served
Table HOFFRICHTER GmbH Artificial Respirator Production Sites and Area Served
Table HOFFRICHTER GmbH Artificial Respirator Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table HOFFRICHTER GmbH Artificial Respirator Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table HOFFRICHTER GmbH Artificial Respirator Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table HOFFRICHTER GmbH Artificial Respirator Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure HOFFRICHTER GmbH Artificial Respirator Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table HOFFRICHTER GmbH Artificial Respirator Main Business and Markets Served
Table Drager Artificial Respirator Production Sites and Area Served
Table Drager Artificial Respirator Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Drager Artificial Respirator Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Drager Artificial Respirator Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Drager Artificial Respirator Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Drager Artificial Respirator Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Drager Artificial Respirator Main Business and Markets Served
Table Phillips Artificial Respirator Production Sites and Area Served
Table Phillips Artificial Respirator Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Phillips Artificial Respirator Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Phillips Artificial Respirator Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Phillips Artificial Respirator Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Phillips Artificial Respirator Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Phillips Artificial Respirator Main Business and Markets Served
Table ResMed Artificial Respirator Production Sites and Area Served
Table ResMed Artificial Respirator Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table ResMed Artificial Respirator Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table ResMed Artificial Respirator Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table ResMed Artificial Respirator Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure ResMed Artificial Respirator Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table ResMed Artificial Respirator Main Business and Markets Served
Table Ambu Artificial Respirator Production Sites and Area Served
Table Ambu Artificial Respirator Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Ambu Artificial Respirator Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Ambu Artificial Respirator Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Ambu Artificial Respirator Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Ambu Artificial Respirator Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Ambu Artificial Respirator Main Business and Markets Served
Table Acutronic Medical Systems Artificial Respirator Production Sites and Area Served
Table Acutronic Medical Systems Artificial Respirator Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table Acutronic Medical Systems Artificial Respirator Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Acutronic Medical Systems Artificial Respirator Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Acutronic Medical Systems Artificial Respirator Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure Acutronic Medical Systems Artificial Respirator Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table Acutronic Medical Systems Artificial Respirator Main Business and Markets Served
Table GaleMed Artificial Respirator Production Sites and Area Served
Table GaleMed Artificial Respirator Product Introduction, Application and Specification
Table GaleMed Artificial Respirator Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Ex-factory Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table GaleMed Artificial Respirator Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table GaleMed Artificial Respirator Production Market Share (2014-2019)
Figure GaleMed Artificial Respirator Revenue Market Share (2014-2019)
Table GaleMed Artificial Respirator Main Business and Markets Served
Figure Global Artificial Respirator Production (K Units) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025
Figure Global Artificial Respirator Revenue (Million USD) Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025
Figure Global Artificial Respirator Sales Price (USD/Unit) Forecast 2019-2025
Figure North America Artificial Respirator Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure North America Artificial Respirator Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Europe Artificial Respirator Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Europe Artificial Respirator Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure China Artificial Respirator Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure China Artificial Respirator Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Japan Artificial Respirator Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Japan Artificial Respirator Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Artificial Respirator Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure Southeast Asia Artificial Respirator Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Figure India Artificial Respirator Production Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (K Units)
Figure India Artificial Respirator Revenue Growth Rate Forecast 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Table Global Production (K Units) of Artificial Respirator by Type (2019-2025)
Table Global Consumption (K Units) of Artificial Respirator by Application (2019-2025)
Table Artificial Respirator Distributors List
Table Artificial Respirator Customers List
Table Market Key Trends
Table Key Opportunities
Table Market Key Drivers
Table Key Challenges
Table Key Influence Factors
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources